To understand acne and pimples

Acne and pimples are caused by clogged pores in the skin. Excess oil (sebum) produced by sebaceous glands combines with dead skin cells, blocking the pores. This blockage creates a perfect environment for bacteria, *Cutibacterium acnes*, to thrive, leading to inflammation and the formation of pimples (comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts). Several factors contribute to acne, including genetics, hormones, stress, certain medications, and even diet. Treatment options range from over-the-counter topical treatments to prescription medications, depending on the severity of the acne.

Acne and pimples are both terms used to describe the same skin condition, characterized by the inflammation of hair follicles. Let's break down the process:

What causes acne?

At its core, acne is caused by a combination of factors:

• Excess sebum production: Sebum is an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands located near hair follicles. Overproduction can clog pores.
• Dead skin cells: Shedding skin cells can also clog pores, contributing to blockage.
• Bacteria: *Cutibacterium acnes* (formerly known as *Propionibacterium acnes*) is a bacteria that naturally lives on the skin. When pores are clogged, this bacteria thrives and contributes to inflammation.
• Hormones: Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during puberty, pregnancy, and menstruation, can significantly increase sebum production and trigger acne breakouts.
• Genetics: A family history of acne increases your risk.
• Other factors: Certain medications, stress, and diet can also play a role.

Types of Acne:

Acne can manifest in various forms, including:

• Comedones (Non-inflammatory):
  • Blackheads (Open comedones): Clogged pores exposed to air, appearing as dark spots. The dark color is due to oxidation, not dirt.
  • Whiteheads (Closed comedones): Clogged pores not exposed to air, appearing as small, flesh-colored bumps.
• Inflammatory Acne: These lesions involve inflammation:
  • Papules: Small, red, tender bumps.
  • Pustules: Papules with pus-filled centers (the classic "pimple").
  • Nodules: Larger, deeper, painful lumps under the skin.
  • Cysts: Large, painful, pus-filled lumps that can leave scars.

Treatment:

Treatment options for acne depend on its severity and type. They include:

• Over-the-counter treatments: Benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and retinoids (like retinol) can help unclog pores and kill bacteria.
• Prescription medications: Topical and oral antibiotics, retinoids, and anti-androgens may be prescribed for more severe acne.
• Other treatments: Chemical peels, microdermabrasion, laser treatments, and light therapy may be used in certain cases.

Important Note: Squeezing or picking at pimples can worsen inflammation, lead to scarring, and spread bacteria. It's crucial to consult a dermatologist or healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment, especially if you have severe or persistent acne. They can help determine the best course of action based on your individual needs and skin type.