Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537–1598) was a daimyo (feudal lord), warrior, general, and politician of the Sengoku period. He is regarded as Japan's second "great unifier," following Oda Nobunaga and preceding Tokugawa Ieyasu, the three of whom were instrumental in unifying Japan during the late 16th century after over a century of civil war

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Early Life

• 1537: Toyotomi Hideyoshi was born in Owari Province (now part of modern-day Aichi Prefecture). He came from a peasant background, which was quite remarkable given the heights he would later reach.

Rise to Power

• 1558: Hideyoshi entered the service of Oda Nobunaga, a powerful daimyo who played a significant role in the unification of Japan during the late Sengoku period. Hideyoshi started with a humble position but quickly rose through the ranks due to his intelligence, charm, and military prowess.
• 1582: After Oda Nobunaga's assassination in the Honnō-ji incident, Hideyoshi avenged his lord's death by defeating Akechi Mitsuhide, Nobunaga's betrayer, at the Battle of Yamazaki. This victory significantly increased Hideyoshi's power and prestige.

Unification of Japan

• 1583-1590: Hideyoshi continued Nobunaga's work of unifying Japan. He secured his power by building Osaka Castle as his base and successfully leading several campaigns to subdue hostile clans across Japan. The most notable was the Siege of Odawara (1590), which resulted in the submission of the Hojo clan, effectively bringing all of Japan under his control.

Later Years and Death

• 1592 and 1597: Hideyoshi launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea. These campaigns strained Japan's resources and contributed to his declining popularity.
• 1598: Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, leaving a council of five regents to govern in the name of his young son, Toyotomi Hideyori. This led to the eventual power struggle culminating in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu, leading to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Legacy

Hideyoshi is remembered for his remarkable rise from a peasant background to the de facto ruler of Japan, his efforts in unifying the country, and his ambitious but ultimately futile attempts to invade Korea. His policies and actions laid much of the groundwork for the political and social order of the Edo period (1603-1868), although he did not live to see this era himself.

Key Contributions:

• Sword Hunt (Katanagari): Aimed to disarm the peasantry.
• Taikō Kenchi: Land surveys to assess and impose taxes more effectively.
• Social and Military Reforms: Including the class system codification and the establishment of a large, standing army.

Despite his efforts to secure a Toyotomi dynasty through his lineage, the power vacuum he left behind eventually led to the rise of the Tokugawa shogunate, marking the end of the Sengoku period and the beginning of a long period of peace under Tokugawa rule.